debootstrap安装debian（2026版）

Created 2026-06-16 / Updated 2026-06-18

# ar -x debootstrap_1.0.144.tar.gz
# mv debootstrap/debootstrap /usr/sbin/
# mv debootstrap/ /usr/share/

格式化分区：

# mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/nvme0n1p2
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/nvme0n1p1

挂载分区：

# mount -o noatime /dev/nvme0n1p2 /mnt/
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot/efi
# mount /dev/nvme0n1p1 /mnt/boot/efi/

安装系统：

# /usr/sbin/debootstrap --arch amd64 --exclude=nano,vim-tiny --include=vim --components=main,contrib,non-free,non-free-firmware trixie /mnt https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian

chroot：

# export ROOT=/mnt

# mount -v --bind /dev ${ROOT}/dev
# mount -v --bind /dev/pts ${ROOT}/dev/pts
# mount -vt proc proc ${ROOT}/proc
# mount -vt sysfs sysfs ${ROOT}/sys
# mount -vt tmpfs tmpfs ${ROOT}/run
# mount -vt tmpfs tmpfs ${ROOT}/tmp

# mount --rbind /sys/firmware/efi/efivars ${ROOT}/sys/firmware/efi/efivars

最后一行如果不加，后面grub安装时会报错：

grub-install: warning: EFI variables cannot be set on this system.

grub-install: warning: You will have to complete the GRUB setup manually.

# LANG=C.UTF-8 chroot ${ROOT} /usr/bin/env -i HOME=/root TERM='xterm-256color' PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin /bin/bash --login

(chroot) # dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

(chroot) # vi /etc/fstab
/dev/nvme0n1p2  /  ext4  rw,noatime,commit=60,barrier=0  0  1
/dev/nvme0n1p1  /boot/efi  vfat  rw,relatime,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=437,iocharset=ascii,shortname=mixed,utf8,errors=remount-ro  0  2

(chroot) # vi /etc/hostname

(chroot) # vi /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1    localhost
::1    localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
ff02::1    ip6-allnodes
ff02::2    ip6-allrouters

(chroot) # vi /etc/apt/sources.list
(chroot) # apt-get update

(chroot) # apt-get install locales
(chroot) # dpkg-reconfigure locales

安装内核：

(chroot) # apt-get install linux-image-amd64

安装grub：

(chroot) # apt-get install --no-install-recommends grub-efi-amd64
(chroot) # grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/efi --bootloader-id=GRUB
(chroot) # update-grub

安装驱动：

(chroot) # apt-get install intel-microcode
(chroot) # apt-get install firmware-intel-graphics
(chroot) # apt-get install firmware-intel-sound
(chroot) # apt-get install firmware-intel-misc
(chroot) # apt-get install firmware-iwlwifi

wifi相关：

(chroot) # apt-get install wpasupplicant
(chroot) # wpa_passphrase <ssid> <password> > /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
(chroot) # vi /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
ctrl_interface=/run/wpa_supplicant
update_config=1
country=CN

network={
    scan_ssid=1
    ssid="xxx"
    psk=xxxxxx
}

（scan_ssid=1这一行是为了连接隐藏的wifi ssid）

(chroot) # vi /etc/network/interfaces
iface wlp0s20f3 inet dhcp
    wpa-conf /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf

（wlp0s20f3是网卡名，可用ip link查看）

防止/etc/resolv.conf文件被覆盖：

(chroot) # vi /etc/dhcpcd.conf
...
nohook resolv.conf

(chroot) # vi /etc/resolv.conf.head
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4
nameserver 2001:4860:4860:0:0:0:0:8888
nameserver 2001:4860:4860:0:0:0:0:8844

(chroot) # cat /etc/resolv.conf.head > /etc/resolv.conf

启动系统后用ifup wlp0s20f3即可联网。

设置root密码：

(chroot) # passwd

添加普通用户：

(chroot) # adduser xxx

清理：

(chroot) # apt-get clean

完成安装：

(chroot) # exit
# umount ${ROOT}/tmp
# umount ${ROOT}/run
# umount ${ROOT}/sys/firmware/efi/efivars
# umount ${ROOT}/sys
# umount ${ROOT}/proc
# umount ${ROOT}/dev/pts
# umount ${ROOT}/dev
# umount ${ROOT}/boot/efi
# umount ${ROOT}

调节屏幕亮度：

# echo 5760 > /sys/class/backlight/intel_backlight/brightness

声音：

# apt-get install alsa-utils
$ alsamixer
（声道下方标有MM表示已静音，移动到该声道，按下m取消静音，按上下方向键调节音量）

$ speaker-test -c 2
（测试声音）

参考：

Categories: [Linux]